Assigning authorship on a scientific or scholarly manuscript or creative expression performs a dual role. It apportions credit for the contribution of each individual while also explicitly assigning responsibility. Designated authorship allows others to assess the relative input of each author to the impact of an intellectual endeavor, including original scientific research, words and images, and works of art, music or dance. These scientific or scholarly manuscripts or creative expressions might be intended to disseminate innovations, discoveries or novel ideas, review existing work, or solely for educational purposes. Authorship roles are used as important metrics in establishing renown, advancing academic standing, and facilitating grant funding of individuals.